Data quality

Sub ID Age Age Group Risk Good First? Comprehension Questions Browser Interactions
1025 8 Children TRUE 4 1
1050 8 Children FALSE 4 15
1080 8 Children TRUE 4 1
1086 8 Children FALSE 3 2
198 8 Children TRUE 3 1
570 8 Children TRUE 3 3
646 8 Children TRUE 3 1
839 8 Children FALSE 4 3
924 8 Children FALSE 3 1
930 8 Children TRUE 4 1
120 9 Children FALSE 4 1
200 9 Children TRUE 3 1
543 9 Children TRUE 3 1
641 9 Children FALSE 3 4
814 9 Children FALSE 3 3
875 9 Children TRUE 3 4
894 9 Children TRUE 3 1
909 9 Children FALSE 3 1
914 9 Children FALSE 3 1
935 9 Children TRUE 3 1
946 9 Children TRUE 3 1
947 9 Children FALSE 3 1
139 10 Children TRUE 4 1
179 10 Children FALSE 3 12
180 10 Children TRUE 3 66
208 10 Children FALSE 3 2
245 10 Children TRUE 3 1
733 10 Children TRUE 3 1
808 10 Children FALSE 3 3
887 10 Children FALSE 3 3
960 10 Children TRUE 3 2
976 10 Children FALSE 3 2
980 10 Children FALSE 3 1
130 11 Children FALSE 3 4
197 11 Children TRUE 3 32
593 11 Children TRUE 4 6
628 11 Children FALSE 3 3
795 11 Children TRUE 3 1
870 11 Children FALSE 4 1
871 11 Children FALSE 3 2
900 11 Children TRUE 4 1
908 11 Children FALSE 3 1
923 11 Children TRUE 3 1
979 11 Children FALSE 3 1
995 11 Children FALSE 3 1
1079 12 Children FALSE 3 3
211 12 Children TRUE 3 2
226 12 Children TRUE 3 3
236 12 Children FALSE 3 1
519 12 Children TRUE 3 1
782 12 Children TRUE 3 1
889 12 Children FALSE 3 1
959 12 Children FALSE 3 1
1069 13 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
1119 13 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
147 13 Adolescents TRUE 4 1
202 13 Adolescents FALSE 3 13
407 13 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
582 13 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
600 13 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
809 13 Adolescents TRUE 3 5
859 13 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
929 13 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
957 13 Adolescents FALSE 3 3
1054 14 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
1078 14 Adolescents FALSE 3 3
143 14 Adolescents FALSE 3 4
182 14 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
217 14 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
231 14 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
249 14 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
513 14 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
627 14 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
841 14 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
192 15 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
216 15 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
277 15 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
459 15 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
515 15 Adolescents FALSE 3 3
527 15 Adolescents TRUE 3 2
594 15 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
890 15 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
954 15 Adolescents FALSE 5 1
981 15 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
1018 16 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
1030 16 Adolescents FALSE 3 3
1046 16 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
1089 16 Adolescents FALSE 3 3
117 16 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
188 16 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
291 16 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
311 16 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
403 16 Adolescents TRUE 4 1
595 16 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
858 16 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
863 16 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
228 17 Adolescents TRUE 3 5
239 17 Adolescents TRUE 3 3
250 17 Adolescents TRUE 3 1
796 17 Adolescents TRUE 3 5
842 17 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
857 17 Adolescents FALSE 3 1
A1225 18 Adults TRUE 3 1
A1354 18 Adults TRUE 3 1
A1358 18 Adults FALSE 3 2
A1379 18 Adults FALSE 3 3
A188 18 Adults FALSE 3 1
A106 19 Adults TRUE 3 1
A1232 19 Adults TRUE 3 5
A1353 19 Adults FALSE 3 1
A1406 19 Adults TRUE 3 3
A586 19 Adults FALSE 3 1
A102 20 Adults FALSE 4 1
A109 20 Adults FALSE 4 1
A110 20 Adults FALSE 3 1
A121 20 Adults TRUE 4 1
A1380 20 Adults TRUE 3 1
A161 20 Adults TRUE 3 1
A544 20 Adults FALSE 3 1
A107 21 Adults FALSE 5 1
A115 21 Adults FALSE 3 1
A116 21 Adults TRUE 3 1
A1161 21 Adults TRUE 3 1
A385 21 Adults TRUE 3 5
A573 21 Adults TRUE 4 1
A1068 22 Adults TRUE 3 3
A111 22 Adults FALSE 3 1
A1124 22 Adults TRUE 4 1
A1176 22 Adults FALSE 3 1
A130 22 Adults TRUE 3 11
A198 22 Adults TRUE 3 5
A476 22 Adults FALSE 3 1
A927 22 Adults FALSE 3 1
A1032 23 Adults TRUE 3 1
A206 23 Adults TRUE 3 1
A367 23 Adults TRUE 3 1
A577 23 Adults FALSE 3 1
A675 23 Adults FALSE 3 1
A1107 24 Adults FALSE 3 40
A428 24 Adults TRUE 3 1
A557 24 Adults TRUE 3 5
A785 24 Adults FALSE 3 1
A790 24 Adults FALSE 3 1
A896 24 Adults TRUE 4 1
A137 25 Adults FALSE 3 1
A1411 25 Adults FALSE 3 1
A217 25 Adults FALSE 3 1
A294 25 Adults TRUE 3 3
A333 25 Adults FALSE 3 13
A480 25 Adults FALSE 4 3
A535 25 Adults TRUE 3 6
A553 25 Adults TRUE 3 313
A791 25 Adults FALSE 3 1
A941 25 Adults FALSE 4 1

Browser interactions

We excluded 2 children, 0 adolescents, and 2 adults who had more than 20 browser interactions during the task.

Missed responses

We excluded 0 children, 0 adolescents, and 0 adults who had more than 20 missed responses during the task.

Key press distribution

We excluded 0 children, 0 adolescents, and 1 adults who selected the same key more than 75 times during the task.

Fast RTs

We excluded 4 children, 3 adolescents, and 0 adults who made more than 40 responses in < 200 ms throughout the task.

Participant information

Participant age distribution

Participant age and gender descriptive statistics

Age Group N Mean Age SD Age Min Age Max Age
Children 47 10.45 1.46 8.01 12.74
Adolescents 46 15.37 1.35 13.04 17.88
Adults 49 22.23 2.36 18.29 25.76
Age Group Sex N
Children Female 26
Children Male 21
Adolescents Female 24
Adolescents Male 22
Adults Female 28
Adults Male 21

This left a final sample of 47 children, 46 adolescents, and 49 adults.

Comprehension question attempts

Age Group Number of Comp. Questions
Children 3.192111
Adolescents 3.087450
Adults 3.204897

Analyses of MaRs data

Model: MaRs accuracy and age

term estimate std.error statistic p.value
(Intercept) 0.000000 0.0797079 0.000000 1.00e+00
age_scaled 0.322834 0.0799901 4.035925 8.91e-05

Model: MaRs accuracy and age with gender

term estimate std.error statistic p.value
(Intercept) -0.0670384 0.1081685 -0.6197586 0.5364387
age_scaled 0.3416122 0.1063760 3.2113659 0.0016439
genderMale 0.1463773 0.1612177 0.9079481 0.3654884
age_scaled:genderMale -0.0326250 0.1626994 -0.2005230 0.8413668

MaRs accuracy and age

Analyses of choice data

Card choices across trials

Reaction times across trials

Model: Reaction times by age, trial, block type and block number

Win-stay lose-shift behavior

Motor perseveration

Model: Motor perseveration by previous win and age

## Fitting 4 (g)lmer() models:
## [....]

Proportion of risky choices

Optimal choices across trials and block types

Optimal choices across block types by continous age

Optimal choices across trials, block types and block orders

Optimal choices across block (1st vs. 2nd)

Model: Optimal choices across ages, trials, block types, and blocks (1st vs. 2nd)

Model: Optimal choices across ages, trials, block types, and blocks (1st vs. 2nd) with gender

Model: Optimal choices controlling for mars accuracy

Analyses of explicit reports of deck ‘luckiness’ and ‘value’

Luckiness reports across age groups, card types, block types, and block numbers

Value reports across age groups, card types, block types, and block numbers

Model: Luckiness reports across age groups

Model: Value reports across age groups